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直苦于python蹩腳的IDE，最近尋覓到一個(gè)非常優(yōu)秀的python交互式解釋器ipython， 再此總結(jié)下實(shí)際中常用到的方法：
特別說明下：本人為windows環(huán)境，所有命令都是相對(duì)windows的
自動(dòng)補(bǔ)全
使用tab可以直接對(duì)已打出的對(duì)象或變量進(jìn)行補(bǔ)全
魔術(shù)關(guān)鍵字
魔術(shù)關(guān)鍵字以%開頭，如果automagic打開了，則不用輸入%,否則需要，使用automagic可以切換狀態(tài)
可以使用%magic參看所有魔術(shù)方法
env 顯示環(huán)境變量
ed或edit 編輯一個(gè)文件并執(zhí)行
ed -x filename 編輯文件不執(zhí)行
edit 3:10 編輯3:10行的指令并執(zhí)行
hist 顯示歷史紀(jì)錄，可以用-n增加行號(hào)
hist 3:10 顯示3-10行的歷史紀(jì)錄
bg function 把function函數(shù)放到后臺(tái)執(zhí)行
pwd 當(dāng)前目錄
pycat filename 語法高亮顯示一個(gè)文件
macro name 1:10 把1:10行的代碼設(shè)為name宏
save filename 1:10 把1:10行代碼保存到文件中
time statement 計(jì)算一段代碼執(zhí)行時(shí)間
timeit statement 自動(dòng)選擇重復(fù)和循環(huán)次數(shù)計(jì)算一段代碼執(zhí)行時(shí)間
run filename 執(zhí)行一個(gè)文件，如果希望防止執(zhí)行的，需要增加if name==“main“:
autoindent 如果啟用，粘貼的時(shí)候會(huì)自動(dòng)縮進(jìn)代碼
reset 重置所有變量
Bash命令
cls 清除屏幕
colors
IPython -- An enhanced Interactive Python - Quick Reference Card================================================================obj?, obj?? : Get help, or more help for object (also works as ?obj, ??obj).
?foo.*abc* : List names in 'foo' containing 'abc' in them.
%magic : Information about IPython's 'magic' % functions.
Magic functions are prefixed by % or %%, and typically take their arguments
without parentheses, quotes or even commas for convenience. Line magics take a
single % and cell magics are prefixed with two %%.
Example magic function calls:
%alias d ls -F : 'd' is now an alias for 'ls -F'
alias d ls -F : Works if 'alias' not a python name
alist=%alias : Get list of aliases to 'alist'
cd /usr/share : Obvious. cd -<tab> to choose from visited dirs.
%cd?? : See help AND source for magic %cd
%timeit x=10 : time the 'x=10' statement with high precision.
%%timeit x=2**100
x**100 : time 'x*100' with a setup of 'x=2**100'; setup code is not
counted. This is an example of a cell magic.
System commands:
!cp a.txt b/ : System command escape, calls os.system()
cp a.txt b/ : after %rehashx, most system commands work without !
cp ${f}.txt $bar : Variable expansion in magics and system commands
files=!ls /usr : Capture sytem command output
files.s, files.l, files.n: "a b c", ['a','b','c'], 'a\nb\nc'
History:
_i, _ii, _iii : Previous, next previous, next next previous input
_i4, _ih[2:5] : Input history line 4, lines 2-4
exec _i81 : Execute input history line #81 again
%rep 81 : Edit input history line #81
_, __, ___ : previous, next previous, next next previous output
_dh : Directory history
_oh : Output history
%hist : Command history. '%hist -g foo' search history for 'foo'
Autocall:
f 1,2 : f(1,2) # Off by default, enable with %autocall magic.
/f 1,2 : f(1,2) (forced autoparen)
,f 1 2 : f("1","2")
;f 1 2 : f("1 2")
Remember: TAB completion works in many contexts, not just file names
or python names.
The following magic functions are currently available:
%alias:
Define an alias for a system command.
%alias_magic:
%alias_magic [-l] [-c] name target
%autocall:
Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.
#
%automagic:
Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.
#使用%automagic on(off)打開(關(guān)閉)automagic，打開后使用魔術(shù)方法不需要加%
%autosave:
Set the autosave interval in the notebook (in seconds).
%bookmark:
Manage IPython's bookmark system.
%cd:
#切換目錄
Change the current working directory.
%clear:
#清除終端
Clear the terminal.
%cls:
Clear the terminal.
%colors:
Switch color scheme for prompts, info system and exception handlers.
Currently implemented schemes: NoColor, Linux, LightBG.
Color scheme names are not case-sensitive.
%config:
configure IPython
%connect_info:
Print information for connecting other clients to this kernel
%debug:
%debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%dhist:
Print your history of visited directories.
%dirs:
#返回當(dāng)前目錄
Return the current directory stack.
%doctest_mode:
Toggle doctest mode on and off.
%ed:
#打開文本編輯器
Alias for `%edit`.
%edit:
Bring up an editor and execute the resulting code.
%env:
#羅列環(huán)境變量
List environment variables.
%gui:
Enable or disable IPython GUI event loop integration.
%guiref:
Show a basic reference about the GUI Console.
%hist:
Alias for `%history`.
%history:
%history [-n] [-o] [-p] [-t] [-f FILENAME] [-g [PATTERN [PATTERN ...]]]
%install_default_config:
%install_default_config has been deprecated.
%install_ext:
Download and install an extension from a URL, e.g.::
%install_profiles:
%install_profiles has been deprecated.
%killbgscripts:
Kill all BG processes started by %%script and its family.
%less:
Show a file through the pager.
%load:
#載入指定python文件的當(dāng)前源碼
Load code into the current frontend.
%load_ext:
Load an IPython extension by its module name.
%loadpy:
Alias of `%load`
%logoff:
Temporarily stop logging.
%logon:
Restart logging.
%logstart:
Start logging anywhere in a session.
%logstate:
Print the status of the logging system.
%logstop:
Fully stop logging and close log file.
%lsmagic:
List currently available magic functions.
%macro:
Define a macro for future re-execution. It accepts ranges of history,
%magic:
Print information about the magic function system.
%matplotlib:
%matplotlib [gui]
%more:
Show a file through the pager.
%notebook:
%notebook [-e] [-f FORMAT] filename
%page:
Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
%pastebin:
Upload code to Github's Gist paste bin, returning the URL.
%pdb:
Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.
%pdef:
Print the call signature for any callable object.
%pdoc:
Print the docstring for an object.
%pfile:
Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.
%pinfo:
Provide detailed information about an object.
%pinfo2:
Provide extra detailed information about an object.
%popd:
Change to directory popped off the top of the stack.
%pprint:
Toggle pretty printing on/off.
%precision:
Set floating point precision for pretty printing.
%profile:
Print your currently active IPython profile.
%prun:
Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%psearch:
Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.
%psource:
Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object.
%pushd:
Place the current dir on stack and change directory.
%pwd:
Return the current working directory path.
%pycat:
Show a syntax-highlighted file through a pager.
%pylab:
%pylab [--no-import-all] [gui]
%qtconsole:
Open a qtconsole connected to this kernel.
%quickref:
Show a quick reference sheet
%recall:
Repeat a command, or get command to input line for editing.
%rehashx:
Update the alias table with all executable files in $PATH.
%reload_ext:
Reload an IPython extension by its module name.
%rep:
Alias for `%recall`.
%rerun:
Re-run previous input
%reset:
Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user, if
%reset_selective:
Resets the namespace by removing names defined by the user.
%run:
Run the named file inside IPython as a program.
%save:
Save a set of lines or a macro to a given filename.
%sc:
Shell capture - run shell command and capture output (DEPRECATED use !).
%store:
Lightweight persistence for python variables.
%sx:
Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%system:
Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%tb:
Print the last traceback with the currently active exception mode.
%time:
#一個(gè)python表達(dá)式的執(zhí)行時(shí)間
Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%timeit:
Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%unalias:
Remove an alias
%unload_ext:
Unload an IPython extension by its module name.
%who:
Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.
%who_ls:
Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.
%whos:
Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.
%xdel:
Delete a variable, trying to clear it from anywhere that
%xmode:
Switch modes for the exception handlers.
%%!:
Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%HTML:
Alias for `%%html`.
%%SVG:
Alias for `%%svg`.
%%bash:
%%bash script magic
%%capture:
%capture [--no-stderr] [--no-stdout] [output]
%%cmd:
%%cmd script magic
%%debug:
%debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]
%%file:
Alias for `%%writefile`.
%%html:
Render the cell as a block of HTML
%%javascript：
Run the cell block of Javascript code
%%latex:
Render the cell as a block of latex
%%perl:
%%perl script magic
%%powershell:
%%powershell script magic
%%prun:
Run a statement through the python code profiler.
%%pypy:
%%pypy script magic
%%python:
%%python script magic
%%python3:
%%python3 script magic
%%ruby:
%%ruby script magic
%%script:
%shebang [--proc PROC] [--bg] [--err ERR] [--out OUT]
%%sh:
%%sh script magic
%%svg:
Render the cell as an SVG literal
%%sx:
Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%system:
Shell execute - run shell command and capture output (!! is short-hand).
%%time:
Time execution of a Python statement or expression.
%%timeit:
Time execution of a Python statement or expression
%%writefile:
%writefile [-a] filename
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使用!做前綴可以執(zhí)行shell命令，還可以用$來轉(zhuǎn)換python變量，如下
for i in range(10):
s=“dir%s” % i
!mkdir $s
for i in !ls:
print i
特別的，如果普通的shell命令有的話，必須使用
的話，必須使用對(duì)原來的進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)義，如果原來是echo
進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)義，如果原來是echoPATH，需要使用shell時(shí)候，需要寫成!echo $$PATH
打印對(duì)象屬性
使用dir可以將對(duì)象屬性打印出來，如
import os
dir(os)
SP基本規(guī)范
1. 頁面構(gòu)成
JSP頁面頁面包含了模板元素和JSP元素，JSP元素由JSP引擎直接處理，必須符合JSP語法。JSP元素包括 的內(nèi)容：
（1）腳本元素：聲明、腳本段、表達(dá)式。
（2） 注釋：HTML注釋、Java注釋、JSP隱藏注釋。
（3）指令元素：paga、include、taglib等。
（4） 動(dòng)作元素：jsp:include、jsp:forward等。
在傳統(tǒng)的HTML頁面中加入Java程序片段就是和JSP標(biāo)簽就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)JSP頁面，其中Java程序片段由"<%"和"%>"作為開始和結(jié)束標(biāo)記。JSP腳本段內(nèi)定義的變量只在當(dāng)前頁面內(nèi)有效，屬于頁面內(nèi)的局部變量。
下面用一個(gè)例子說明：
在eclipse for JavaEE開發(fā)環(huán)境中新建一個(gè)項(xiàng)目，在webContent目錄上右擊，選擇JSP File，輸入文件名，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)JSP頁面
在頁面中輸入下面的代碼
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<%@ page import="java.util.*" %>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
<%
String name="王后";
if(Calendar.getInstance().get(Calendar.AM_PM)==Calendar.AM) {
out.println(name+",上午好！");
}
else {
out.println(name+",下午好！");
}
int i=0;
out.println("<br/>i的值為"+i);
out.println("<br/>下面修改局部變量i的值");
i++;
out.println("<br/>修改好i的值為"+i);
%>
</body>
</html>
然后，在頁面上右擊選擇 Run AsRun on Server，可以在瀏覽器中看到運(yùn)行效果
2. 聲明
在JSP頁面中，聲明是一段Java代碼，它用來定義JSP文件轉(zhuǎn)換后的Servlet文件中類的屬性和方法。聲明的屬性和方法在當(dāng)前JSP頁面的任何地方都可以使用，僅限當(dāng)前頁面。聲明的語法格式如下：
<% !聲明1；聲明2；……%>
下面的例子聲明一個(gè)方法visitor()，代碼如下：
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>聲明的使用</title>
</head>
<body>
<%! long i=0; %>
<%! String name="紅桃"; %>
<%! public String visitor(String who) {
return "你好,"+who+"!";
}
%>
<h2>
<%
i++;
out.println(visitor(name));
out.println("<br/>");
out.print("你是本站第"+i+"為訪客");
%>
</h2>
</body>
</html>
用同樣的方法運(yùn)行，運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下：
由于聲明定義的變量i是頁面內(nèi)的全局變量，當(dāng)多次請(qǐng)求該JSP頁面時(shí)，i的值會(huì)被改變。當(dāng)我們刷新頁面幾次后
3. 表達(dá)式
表達(dá)式以<%=開始，%>結(jié)束，中間為一個(gè)合法的Java表達(dá)式。表達(dá)在JSP頁面被請(qǐng)求時(shí)計(jì)算，結(jié)果轉(zhuǎn)換為String類型字符串與其他模板數(shù)據(jù)淄河在一起。語法格式如下：
<%=符合Java語法的表達(dá)式（結(jié)尾不帶分號(hào)）%>
表達(dá)式開始符號(hào)<%=之間不能有任何空格。
示例代碼如下：
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8"
pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>Insert title here</title>
</head>
<body>
<%! long i=0;
String name="紅桃";
%>
<%! public String visitor(String who) {
return "你好,"+who+"!";
}
%>
<h2>
<%
i++;
%>
<%=visitor(name) %><br/>//表達(dá)式使用
你是本站第<%=i %>位訪客。//表達(dá)式使用
</h2>
</body>
</html>
執(zhí)行結(jié)果如下：
第一部分先介紹到這里。
多朋友想學(xué)一下網(wǎng)頁制作，上網(wǎng)一看，只要涉及到網(wǎng)頁制作，都離不開HTML這個(gè)詞語，HTML是HyperText Markup Language的簡(jiǎn)稱，想學(xué)習(xí)HTML語言，先得了解一些基本知識(shí)，今天這邊內(nèi)容可以作為學(xué)習(xí)HTML的菜鳥教程第一課。
HTML是什么？
一般我們說HTML是指超文本標(biāo)記語言，英文名稱為HyperText Markup Language，簡(jiǎn)稱HTML，它是目前互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上應(yīng)用最廣泛的語言。
如何查看HTML？
拿最常見的網(wǎng)頁為例，如果用大家熟悉的IE瀏覽器的話，直接在網(wǎng)頁上點(diǎn)右鍵，選擇“查看源”即可查看當(dāng)前網(wǎng)頁的HTML源碼；如果是其他瀏覽器的話，多數(shù)情況下點(diǎn)擊右鍵，選擇“查看源碼”或者類似“查看網(wǎng)頁源代碼”這樣的選項(xiàng)即可查看。
當(dāng)然也可以通過專業(yè)的網(wǎng)頁制作軟件以及各種文本編輯器來查看。
HTML有什么用？
HTML語言可以方便地將網(wǎng)絡(luò)上存儲(chǔ)于不同位置的文字、圖片、聲音、視頻等內(nèi)容組織起來，方便用戶瀏覽。對(duì)于我們來說，HTML是學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng)頁制作的基本功，熟練掌握HTML這項(xiàng)基本功，可以為以后的學(xué)習(xí)和工作打下良好的基礎(chǔ)。
HTML如何入門？
要學(xué)習(xí)任何編程語言，都不好好高騖遠(yuǎn)，HTML的入門很簡(jiǎn)單，但是也要遵循學(xué)習(xí)的基本步驟，選擇一本入門書籍，循序漸進(jìn)地去學(xué)習(xí)每一張的內(nèi)容。一邊學(xué)習(xí)，一邊查看網(wǎng)頁代碼對(duì)照來學(xué)，提升入門速度。
HTML案例
下面就是最基本的HTML案例，在這個(gè)案例中，用的是HTML5，
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>HTML菜鳥教程(runoob.com)</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>我的第一個(gè)標(biāo)題</h1>
<p>我的第一個(gè)段落。</p>
</body>
</html>如何編輯HTML?
這個(gè)就很多了 ，比如最出名的Dreamweaver，當(dāng)然如果熟練之后，可以選擇任意自己喜歡的編輯器，一些小的改動(dòng)或者一小段代碼的話，也可以用各種常見的文本編輯器來處理，比如我們?cè)趙odows系統(tǒng)上常見的記事本，總之只要自己覺得方便就好。
總結(jié)
以上是學(xué)習(xí)HTML菜鳥教程的第一課，首先保持一個(gè)良好的心態(tài)來學(xué)習(xí)，有好的心態(tài)，知識(shí)方面只要循序漸進(jìn)，學(xué)會(huì)就是水到渠成的事情了 。
*請(qǐng)認(rèn)真填寫需求信息，我們會(huì)在24小時(shí)內(nèi)與您取得聯(lián)系。
